← Research Investigation · Surveillance

1984: American Surveillance System

Flock Safety markets its cameras as license-plate readers. The silicon inside reads more than plates, the network sharing that feeds it reaches thousands of departments, and the AI data centers now being built nationwide are sold to the public as generic "AI infrastructure" while part of what they power is exactly this kind of AI-enabled surveillance. This page collects what we've verified, credits the independent researchers whose work we build on, and shows our own FOIA audit-log analysis — with the raw records deliberately left out.

335,701
cameras in the device inventory
Joshua Michael, CC BY 4.0
9.8M+
audit-log searches analyzed
3 departments, aggregate only
4,600+
distinct outside agencies
queried into just those 3 networks
~15M+25GB
rows / data still to ingest
this is a first pass, not the full picture
01 · Hardware

It reads more than plates

Independent teardowns of the Flock Falcon — the most common unit in the device inventory below — show a camera built around a full application processor, not a dedicated license-plate chip.

  • Processor Qualcomm Snapdragon-family APQ8053 — 8× Cortex-A53 + Hexagon DSP, the same class of chip used for on-device AI/vision, not a fixed-function OCR chip.
  • Microphones two, wired directly to the processor — continuous audio capture is a hardware capability independent of the "license plate reader" framing.
  • Radios Wi-Fi / Bluetooth module (FCC ID N7NHL7648 and related grants) plus cellular + GPS backhaul — always connected, always able to phone home.
  • Patent US 11,416,545 B1 (Flock Group Inc.) describes object-based querying of a networked camera system — filtering by vehicle, not just plate.
  • Power 205 Wh battery plus solar — designed to run off-grid, continuously, with no obvious physical tamper indicator found in teardown.

Hardware capability is not the same as what a given deployment's firmware does today, and it is not a legal judgment — see the full piece for that distinction.

02 · The device inventory

335,701 cameras, mapped

The national camera inventory behind our map is not our research — it's independent work we credit and build on.

"'Never Hacked': The National Security and Accountability Failures in Flock Safety's Nationwide Dynamic Surveillance Network" is Joshua Michael's (Nexanet.ai) independent cybersecurity research package: a 335,701-record production camera export, four reported vulnerabilities, and modeled national-security exposure studies at 22 sensitive sites. It's licensed CC BY 4.0 — anyone may use it, including commercially, with credit to him.

We overlay this inventory, unmodified apart from coordinate rounding and dropped empty columns, on Sound Mapper Pro, alongside our own RF coverage modeling for each device class. We don't mirror his full evidence package or the national-security studies here — that's his work, published at his discretion, and we point to it rather than rehost it.

Changes we make to the data when we display it: coordinates rounded to the nearest few meters, a handful of invalid rows (lat/lon both zero) dropped, and five already-empty identifier columns removed. Everything else, including device status and type, is shown as published.

03 · FOIA audit logs

Who's actually searching these networks

Flock's own audit exports — obtained via public-records requests to individual departments — show every outside agency that queried a given department's camera network, and why. This is our own research. We're publishing the aggregate, not the rows.

DepartmentSearches logged
Dublin GA PD5,254,492
College Place WA PD2,606,438
Prosser WA PD1,964,800

Across these logs, covering roughly mid-2024 through mid-2025, we count 4,641 distinctly-named outside agencies reaching into these camera networks. The heaviest users: Houston TX PD (276,439 searches), Gwinnett County GA PD (248,885), Dallas TX PD (209,408), Atlanta GA PD (127,891), and Cobb County GA PD (122,336) — all querying into departments hundreds to over a thousand miles from their own jurisdiction.

Stated reason (keyword-matched, not authoritative)Searches
Free text that didn't match a category below, or blank5,599,982
Investigation (no further detail given)1,757,299
Stolen vehicle715,407
Drug investigation368,460
Property crime345,179
Warrant327,160
Violent crime239,414
Traffic / pursuit182,447
Missing person / welfare check146,480
BOLO / suspicious activity121,752
Fraud35,156

Methodology, read before citing this: we parsed the raw exports with every row's Name, License Plate, Case #, and Filters fields stripped out before any count was taken — those fields never left the aggregation step. "Reason" categories above come from simple keyword matching on department-entered free text (e.g. a reason containing "stolen" counts as stolen-vehicle); it's a rough heuristic, not a verified classification, and the single largest bucket is text that didn't match anything we looked for. Duplicate files (byte-identical exports saved under two names) were counted once. Agency names are taken as departments typed them, so the same department under slightly different spellings may be counted more than once in the 4,641 figure.

This is a first pass, not the full picture. Beyond these three departments, we have roughly 14.7 million additional rows of nationwide network-audit exports still to deduplicate and reconcile against the departments above — each capped at Excel's 1,048,576-row export limit, so even that is a truncated slice. Separately, we're sitting on close to 25 GB of further Flock audit-log exports from police departments across the country that haven't been ingested yet. The numbers here will grow; they won't shrink.

04 · Why we're watching data centers

"AI inference" is also surveillance compute

The current wave of data-center construction is sold to the public as generic AI infrastructure — training and inference capacity for chatbots and enterprise software. That framing is accurate but incomplete. The same inference capacity is also the compute backbone for the AI-enabled surveillance systems being installed alongside it: automated plate reading, object/vehicle classification, and cross-network search at the scale the audit logs above show. A rezoning hearing about "an AI data center" rarely mentions that connection.

This is our working thesis, stated plainly as analysis rather than a sourced claim — we're holding off on publishing specific figures (grid load, tax cost, local impact) until we've assembled proper citations for them. Sound Mapper Pro's RF and device-coverage modeling is the tool we built to make the capability side of this concrete; the infrastructure side is still in progress.

Sources

Primary references